UDK: 347.4(075.32)

Nikolay Al. Dukhno - Doctor of Law, professor, advisor to the administration of the Russian University of Transport

Viktoriya N. Samokhina - assistant of the advisor to the administration of the Russian University of Transport

Abstract. The study of the development of transport universities contributes to the restoration of a complete and comprehensive picture of the development of transport education as the main means of educating transport workers. When getting acquainted with the origins of establishing the Moscow Engineering School, the first predecessor on the long and eventful path of the formation of the Russian University of Transport, there have emerged a lot of new facts. The establishment of the Moscow Engineering School in 1896 marked the beginning of the crystallization of a new methodology for training engineers. The great scientist and teacher Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov became the founder, scientific ideologist of this method of training railway engineers. His ideas, deeply imbued with scientific thought, became the basis of a new methodology for teaching future engineers that had not been used in Russian universities before. He also prepared a training program for engineers. The new methodology included enhanced theoretical teaching while reducing classroom time; determination of criteria indicating how much and what theory should be included in the educational process for the formation of engineering knowledge; requirements for teachers of engineering sciences; identifying ways of practical training in the training of engineers. N.P. Petrov became an ideologist, the founder of the concept of establishing a new transport university. The study of the scientific heritage of N.P. Petrov should be included in the educational process of training transport engineers, developing in everyone the ability for engineering thinking and interest in engineering knowledge.

UDK: 343.985

Oleg An. Chaptykov - lecturer at the department of training police officers in the field of transport security, Center for training police officers for public order protection of the All-Russian Institute for advanced training of police officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation

Aleksandr N. Kharitonov - Doctor of Law, professor of the department of training police officers in the field of transport security, Center for training police officers for public order protection of the All-Russian Institute for advanced training of police officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation

Oleg V. Mokhovikov - head of the department of training police officers in the field of transport security, Center for training police officers for public order protection of the All-Russian Institute for advanced training of police officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation

Abstract. The current paper has considered the history of the formation of criminal investigation units of the railway police in Russia until October 1917. The activities to counteract terrorist threats during the period of revolutionary upheavals had a significant impact on the formation and development of operational units of the railway police. The scientific research in the law enforcement practices of the transport police is of great relevance, since the operational search units of linear bodies enforce law and order and the safety of material values in special conditions of the railway transport functioning. There has been examined the place and significance of the operational units of the transport police for detecting and solving crimes at present time.

UDK: 94(47)+378(091)

Yury Iv. Petrov - Candidate of Historical Sciences, docent, associate professor of the department “Customs Law and Organization of the Customs Affairs” of the Law Institute of the Russian University of Transport

Abstract. The current paper has made attempts to show the contribution to the technical education development, made by Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov, the main ideologist of the establishment of a new educational institution in the Ministry of Railways and the author of the project of the Moscow Engineering School. There have been considered the theoretical views on the system of engineering education in Russia. There have been shown the drawbacks of the higher technical school, the main of which was the discrepancy between the number and volume of subjects intended for compulsory study. There have been considered the types of technical schools, the use of which was associated with the goals of specialists’ training. There have been given the Petrov’s requirements to the teaching staff of technical universities, their professional qualities, participation in research work. The paper has determined the significance of the theory for future engineers, attributed by Petrov to the fact that the empirical stage was over and the growing industrialization required a new qualitative technique and technology that directly depended on the theory.

UDK: 656.2

Eketerina An. Volkova - chief specialist of the Legal Protection and Project Support Department of the Legal department of the JSC ‘Federal Passenger Company’, post graduate of the Institute of legislation and Comparative Law under the government of the Russian Federation

Abstract. On the example of the development of the railway industry, the current paper has considered such a feature of strategic joint-stock companies (being the subjects of administrative law), as a special historical development. Strategic joint stock companies are leaders in the most important sectors of the country's economy, actively participating in state and public life. A stable current legal relationship with the state, as a general rule, is a consequence of functioning as a part of the state mechanism in the past. The example of railway transport clearly illustrates the process of the emergence of a new economic sector and constant control over it by the state apparatus, the transition for a long period from the initial use of private capital to state ownership and direct state administration, the subsequent transformation of a large mechanism of public administration into a strategic joint-stock company. The establishment of a federal executive body, as well as the high importance for ensuring the country’s well-being and security, predetermine the desire to maintain control over decision-making by a strategic joint-stock company. Such a transformation of a large state structure into the organizational and legal form of a commercial organization is due to the development of a market economy and the necessity to free the executive authorities from their unusual functionality. At the same time, strategic joint stock companies remain actually embedded in the system of state administration and take part in the exercise of powers by public authorities.

UDK: 659.1

Ekaterina S. Zalozhnykh - post graduate of the department ‘Administrative law, ecological law, information law’ of the Law Institute of the Russian University of Transport

Abstract. The current paper has considered the history of the development of advertising activity (including its use in transport), starting from the moment of its appearance in Russia in the X-XI centuries to the present day. There has been considered not only the modification of advertising activity, but also the historical transformation of its legal regulation. There have been also considered the main regulatory legal acts adopted and abolished during the rapid development of advertising activities in 1980-1990, which were based on international legal regulation standards and western experience, which was of great importance in the conditions at that time. Among other things, the paper has paid attention to the main authorized bodies that are regulating this activity at the moment, and their main functions.

UDK: 351.811:656.13(477)

Maksim P. Tishakov - Candidate of Law, lecturer of the Rostov Institute (branch) of the All-Russian State University of Justice (RPA of the Russian Ministry of Justice)

Abstract. On the basis of a detailed scientific analysis of little-known archival documents and materials, specialized literature, publications of periodicals, there have been established the features and processes of legal regulation and organization of road traffic safety in the middle of the last century. In a retrospective aspect, using the example of Soviet Ukraine, the author of the current paper has analyzed certain areas of activity of the authorities in countering road traffic injuries, increasing the efficiency of road transport, organizing traffic, and training the staff of drivers. The absence of a unified, comprehensive national strategy in the field of road traffic safety made the republican executive and administrative authorities in the 1950s, in the conditions of intensive motorization, actively look for the most optimal means of legal influence on the heads of motor enterprises and road traffic users in order to combat with road traffic accidents. The organizational and legal experience of the activities of executive authorities in ensuring road traffic safety, studied historically and legally, does not lose its relevance in modern conditions, and can be applied at present to achieve zero mortality on the roads, preserve the life and health of all road traffic participants.

UDK: 625.1(09)

Yuriy Iv. Petrov - Candidate of Historical Sciences, associate professor of the department ‘Customs law and organization of the customs affairs’ of the Law Institute of the Russian University of Transport

Abstract. The current paper has examined the government's steps to improve the rules for granting concessions to joint stock companies for the railway construction in Russia in the second half of the XIXth century. Miscalculations in the granting of the first concessions in the early 1860s prompted the government to develop new conditions for their grant, including elements of competition. The paper has noted that even with the limitations of new measures there were achieved certain positive results due to the first minister of railways P. P. Melnikov. When the earl V.A. Bobrinsky was appointed as the Minister of Railways in 1870, he introduced the new concession rules, the analysis of which showed that lack of competition in the provision of concessions and empowering the Minister of Railways has led to a new wave of concessionaires abuse, resulted in the introduction of new rules in 1873.

UDK: 625.1(09)

Yuriy Iv. Petrov - Candidate of Historical Sciences, docent, associate professor of the department ‘Customs Law and Organization of the Customs Affairs’ of the Law Institute of the Russian University of Transport

Abstract. In Russia of the middle of the XIX-th century the active development of railway transport formed a firm conviction among the public and the government in the necessity to revise approaches to administration in the industry. The current paper has shown that the railway construction was actually funded by the government for many years, but at the same time, the administration of the entire railway business was practically uncontrolled by private entrepreneurs. The current paper has analyzed the steps aimed at finding a rational balance in the railway administration between individuals and the government in the second half of the XIX-th century. There has been presented a position of such prominent foreign representatives of the science of financial law as K. Rau, A. Wagner, P. Leroy-Beaulieu, who categorically spoke out for the ownership of the railways to the treasury, as well as the scientists and specialists of the railway business in Russia. A comparative analysis of approaches to the construction and government of railways in England, Belgium and France, as well as the accumulated, albeit small, experience in Russia made it possible to conclude that a wise policy in the railway business had to be recognized as one in which governemet administration was combined with the private, but due to necessity and usefulness at a given time.

UDK: 656.2:902

Yury Iv. Petrov - Candidate of Historical Sciences, docent, associate professor of the department ‘Customs Law and Organization of the Customs Affairs’ of the Law Institute of the Russian University of Transport

Abstract. The current paper has considered the government's new intention in the 1860s towards to develop private railway entrepreneurship issuing concessions to the railway companies. There has been shown that this fact contributed to the rapid enrichment and the emergence of oligarchs in Russia in the 19th century, and that this caused the ‘railroad fever’. There has been considered the role of the government railway fund, the goals of its establishment, sources of formation and directions of use. There has been shown the role of the first Minister of Railways P. P. Melnikov in the fight against abuses in the railway, the government's awareness of the main mistakes in the concession policy and its concrete solutions of this problem.

UDK: 656.2

Yury Iv. Petrov - Candidate of Historical Sciences, docent, associate professor of the department ‘Customs Law and Organization of the Customs Affairs’ of the Law Institute of the Russian University of Transport

Abstract. The current paper discusses the formation and development of the Moscow Institute of Railway Engineers, established in Russia at the beginning of the XX century. There has been carried out the analysis of the legal regulation of the students’ training system, the requirements for the training level of engineers, the organization of teaching in an educational institution. The conducted analysis of legislative acts and materials of the Ministry of Railways allows getting a clear idea on the whole spectrum of the abovementioned issues. There have been shown the transformations of the educational system in higher educational institutions of Russia, attitude to them in transport universities and their impact on the development of transport education. The results of the current study give an idea of both the stages of the formation of the Moscow Institute of Railway Engineers and its role in the development of the country's transport education system. They can serve as a starting point for further discussion about the prospects, trends and directions of development of modern Russian transport education.