UDK: 355.48

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30932/2500-1868-2026-58-2-16

Khaled Issa Fouad Abu ElAUF - Assistant Professor of International Law at the Faculty of Law, University of Jerash, Jordan

Abstract. The current paper has presented the study of the issues of maritime security enforcement in the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, a strategically important chokepoint connecting the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. A significant share of international trade and energy supplies passes through the strait, deriving its geopolitical and economic importance. There has been analyzed the role of international legal mechanisms and UN Security Council resolutions in protecting maritime routes. Particular attention has been paid to the threats posed by the Houthis group as a key non-state actor influencing regional security. There have been studied the response measures of states and international organizations aimed at mitigating these threats. The conclusions of the study have confirmed that the threats in the Bab el-Mandeb Strait pose a threat to regional and international maritime security. To minimize these threats, there has been proposed to strengthen international cooperation and develop coordination mechanisms to ensure the protection of this route and the stability of global trade.

UDK: 343.702

DOI: https://doi.org/10.30932/2500-1868-2026-58-2-15

Alina An. Prokudina - Main Military Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation, Ekaterinburg, Moscow, Russia

Abstract. The current paper has considered the key stages in the development of diplomatic relations among BRICS countries to ensure transport security through the development of international transport corridors aimed at strengthening political, customs, and legal connection with the member states of the interstate association. There have been analyzed the key areas for the development of transport and logistics routes, taking into account the current foreign policy and international economic situation.

UDK: 614.86

Chinar V. Nersesyan - National University of Architecture and Construction of Armenia (Erevan, Armenia)

Abstract. The current paper has presented the study of the traffic safety issues of interstate highways within the borders of settlements. There have been considered the actions defined by the five pillars of road safety encouraged by the United Nations (UN) to all countries, adopted by the RA government’s “National Road Safety Strategy” document. An important preventive measure for ensuring road traffic safety is traffic improvement or road reconstruction measures to eliminate “black spots”, being accident-prone sections of roads. The analysis of the accidents’ causes has shown that there are more accidents in the settlements that have roadside facilities and do not have stopping and parking areas than in those that do not have roadside facilities. The current study has been made on the most accident-prone section of the M1 (Yerevan-Gyumri-Bavra-Georgia border) interstate highway (1.0-6.0 km) passing through settlements. There have been found “black spots”, determined the reasons of the accidents, and developed long-term, medium-term and short-term measures to prevent them. The paper has presented the short-term measures that will contribute to increasing traffic safety.

UDK: 629.7

Ildar R. Al’bikov - Candidate of Law, associate professor, Ulyanovsk Civil Aviation Institute

Nataliya S. Boyko - Candidate of Law, Doctor of Historical Sciences, associate professor, Ulyanovsk Civil Aviation Institute

Abstract. The current paper has presented a plan to implement the ICAO cybersecurity strategy for the aviation industry. This plan includes clearly defined strategies designed to enforce aviation security in cyberspace. This plan includes an estimation of existing activities carried out in different parts of the world and progress in the field of cybersecurity. Special attention has been paid to analyzing the current situation in the field of cybersecurity in aviation, including identifying vulnerabilities, successfully implemented measures to prevent cyber threats, as well as the introduction of modern technologies to protect information.

UDK: 347.799.62

Anastasiya V. Posadskaya - Naval Academy named after Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N. G. Kuznetsov

Abstract. Currently, at the bottom of the World Ocean there are thousands of sunken man-made objects of scientific, technical, historical, cultural, or archaeological value. The lists of objects sunk in the sea include many domestic ships and vessels that sank under various circumstances. Among them there is the submarine “Som”, which sank in 1916. The current paper has substantiated the imperative conditions for Russian-Swedish cooperation in the survey and recovery of submarine “Som” based on an analysis of the provisions of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.

UDK: 339.543

Aleksey V. Gubin - Candidate of Economic Sciences, associate professor, Russian University of Transport (MIIT)

Abstract. The current paper deals with the problems of defining the concept and essence of modern customs procedures. There has been studied the evolution of the concept of the customs procedure. There have been considered the opinions of researchers on the essence and content of this concept. There have been analyzed the problems of using this term in the modern interpretation. There have been studied international aspects of the institution of customs procedures. The concept of customs procedures did not exist in the customs legislation of the USSR. In the first years of the activities of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation, the concept of customs regimes appeared, which was further transformed in the customs legislation of the Customs Union into the concept of customs procedures. Later, this concept was transferred to the customs law of the Eurasian Economic Union. In accordance with the opinion of several authors, it is worth talking about the customs process in the form of using both administrative procedures and their special form ‘customs procedures’. The course of customs procedures in time forms the stages of this process, which enable the declarant to achieve the goal of moving goods. State authorities control and regulate such activities, form the revenues of the federal budget. Most researchers suggest that the essence of the customs procedure is manifested not just as a set of customs law, but as a system of rules for regulating the actions of the sequential arrival and departure of goods to/from the territory of the Eurasian Economic Union. In this regard, it is important to define the boundaries and essence of this concept. In addition, the evolution of this term must be considered in the context of international legal acts.

UDK: 332.1/98

Andrey G. Bebenov - Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Atomflot”

Abstract. The current paper has presented the study of the international legal regime of the Arctic. There has been noted that at the present stage of development there are five Arctic states that have certain rights in relation to this territory, but the current legal framework does not allow speaking about the certainty of its international legal status. Thus, there has been drawn a special attention to the fact that today there is no international treaty that would define the international legal regime of the Arctic. In this regard, there has been concluded that this situation gives rise to various problems and contradictions associated with the definition of territories belonging to a particular country. There has been given a positive experience of Antarctica since its legal regime is currently properly regulated. In addition, the paper has suggested directions for improving the legislation of the Russian Federation in terms of establishing the legal regime of the Arctic, since it is hardly possible to call the legal norms in this area perfect. As a result of the study, there has been concluded that the systematic improvement of the legislative framework and the contribution to the fulfilling of this activity of all Arctic and other states is an objective necessity.

UDK: 343.702

Ekaterina Iv. Kobzeva - Candidate of law, associate professor, Russian University of Transport (MIIT)

Roman S. Khrushchev - V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University

Abstract. The current paper deals with the issues of interaction between the BRICS countries in the field of transport and logistics infrastructure. There has been considered the insufficiency of a theoretical study of the development of cooperation between the BRICS countries in the field of transport infrastructure. There have been analyzed the adopted joint international documents in this area. There have been considered the prospects for the development of the BRICS countries, and formulated proposals for further interaction between states within the framework of this association. According to the authors, the development of a unified concept for building a transport policy is one of the important areas of activity for both the Russian Federation and its international partners.

UDK: 341.225.8:347.91/95

Anton G. Chertkov - LLC “Rockwell Capital”

Abstract. The current paper deals with the consideration of the legal regulation of the limitation of the international maritime carrier’s liability for the cargo in accordance with international standards. There have been presented the historical aspects of the emergence of the idea of limited liability in maritime law to protect shipowners from the burden of liability for cargo non-safety. There has been carried out a comparative analysis of the international legal regulation of circumstances exempting the maritime carrier of goods from liability or limiting its liability under the Hague Rules (1924), the Hague-Visby Rules (1968) and the UN Convention on Contracts for the Wholly or Partially Carriage of Goods by Sea 2008 (Rotterdam Rules). Prior to the adoption of the Rotterdam Rules, the Hague-Visby Rules, a modified version of the Hague Rules, were the main legal act in force. Despite being incomplete and out of date, the Hague and Hague-Visby Rules continue to hold their ground for many major multimodal carriers. Based on this reality, there have been compared the legal norms for limiting a maritime carrier’s liability for cargo non-safety between the Hague, Hague-Visby and Rotterdam rules. There have been considered legal means of limiting a maritime carrier’s liability as integral parts of the set of rules that determine the basis of the carrier’s liability. There has been given an overview of the main innovations on the limitations of a maritime carrier’s liability for cargo in the Rotterdam Rules. Using the comparative research method, there has been conducted a comparison of the rules governing the burden of proof (duty of proof) provided for in the Hague, Hague-Visby and Rotterdam Rules, which are in force in determining the party to the litigation responsible for legally proving the fact of responsibility for the cargo. There have been considered the opinions of authoritative experts in the field of international maritime law on the prospects for the application of the Rotterdam Rules in practice.

UDK: 332.1/98

Andrey G. Bebenov - Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Atomflot”

Abstract. Currently, the issue of our environment and climate safety and preservation has become acute both at the national and international levels. The growing technogenic impact on flora and fauna gives rise to the need for international regulation of relations in the sphere of the use of natural resources. The growing international interest in the Arctic region results in an increase in the study of the problem of determining the legal status of the Arctic. Established in 1996, the Arctic Council deals with solving the problems in the field of determining the legal status of the Arctic and its protection. Within the framework of the current paper, there have been considered the features of the functioning of the Arctic Council, its goals, objectives, and activities. In addition, there has been analyzed the legal basis of international cooperation in the field of Arctic relations. There has been presented not only an estimation of his activities, but also identified the main problems of his functioning in modern society. Identification of the problems makes it possible to establish the most promising and necessary ways of developing international relations, as well as domestic legislation. In addition, there have been considered the features of the activities of the Arctic Five in the field of maintaining international cooperation. There has been identified the peculiarity of the interaction of the countries included in the Arctic Five and given an estimation of their joint work.